What Causes Acne and How Can You Treat It Effectively?

Acne is one of the most common skin conditions in the world — and one of the most frustrating. Whether you’re dealing with occasional breakouts or long-term persistent spots, it can impact not only your skin but also your self-confidence.

But what actually causes acne? And more importantly, what can you do to treat it effectively without making things worse?

Let’s explore the facts in simple, everyday language.

What Is Acne?

Acne is a skin condition that occurs when your hair follicles — the small openings in your skin that hairs grow from — become clogged with oil, dead skin cells, and bacteria. This leads to inflammation, redness, and the formation of:

• Blackheads (open clogged pores)
• Whiteheads (closed clogged pores)
• Pimples (inflamed spots with pus)
• Cysts or nodules (painful, deeper lumps)

Although acne is most common during puberty, it can affect people well into adulthood — and yes, even in their 30s, 40s, and beyond.

The Main Causes of Acne

1. Excess Oil (Sebum) Production

Your skin naturally produces oil to keep itself moisturised. But during puberty or hormonal changes, oil glands can go into overdrive — especially around the face, back, and chest.

2. Clogged Pores

Dead skin cells that aren’t properly shed can combine with oil and block hair follicles. When trapped, these blocked pores become the perfect breeding ground for bacteria.

3. Bacteria (Cutibacterium acnes)

A normal resident of the skin, this bacteria thrives in clogged pores. It triggers inflammation, leading to red, swollen pimples or deeper, painful lumps.

4. Hormonal Changes

Hormones play a massive role, which is why acne often flares during teenage years, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

5. Lifestyle and Other Triggers

• Certain medications or cosmetic products
• High-stress levels
• Diets high in sugar or dairy (though evidence is still developing)
• Not cleansing the skin properly or over-cleansing

Effective Treatment Options

Mild to Moderate Acne

• Topical treatments with ingredients like benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or retinoids can help clear blocked pores and reduce inflammation.
• Gentle cleansing twice daily and using non-comedogenic skincare products can prevent new breakouts.
• Avoid picking or squeezing spots, which can lead to scarring or infection.

Moderate to Severe Acne

• Prescription treatments may be needed. These include topical or oral antibiotics, stronger retinoids like adapalene or tretinoin, or hormonal treatments such as the combined oral contraceptive pill.
• Dermatological procedures, including chemical peels, light therapy, or drainage of cysts, may be offered in more stubborn cases.

When to See a Professional

If your acne is painful, scarring, or affecting your mental wellbeing, it’s time to speak to a pharmacist, GP, or dermatologist. Modern treatments are effective and more personalised than ever — you don’t have to struggle alone or rely on outdated advice.

In Summary

Acne is caused by a combination of oil, bacteria, clogged pores, and hormones — but it’s treatable. With the right routine, products, and sometimes medical support, you can reduce breakouts and restore your skin’s confidence.

Everyone’s skin is different — and that’s why effective acne treatment starts with understanding your own.